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Online Published: 21 Jan 2026
 


Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study

Adnan Al Shaikh, Sahl Alshaikh, Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Yahya Almatihmy, Shaimaa Alghamdi, Aljawharah Alsehaibany, Lena Wagar, Mohammed Alharthi, Hisham Alkhuzaei, Mohamed Ahmed, Ashraf Soliman.


Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children is associated with long-term microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy, often presenting as microalbuminuria (MA). In parallel, autoimmune comorbidities are prevalent due to shared immunogenetic mechanisms. However, regional data on the co-prevalence of MA and autoimmune disorders in the Saudi pediatric population are limited. The present study aims to determine the prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with T1DM in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, involving 595 pediatric patients with T1DM. Data extracted included demographics, diabetes characteristics, and duodenal biopsy outcomes. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. Microalbuminuria was present in 8.9% of patients. HbA1c was significantly higher in patients with MA (mean 9.8% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.005), and diabetes duration was longer (8.6 vs. 6.8 years, p = 0.046). Height was also greater in the MA group (p = 0.024), possibly reflecting pubertal effects. Logistic regression identified HbA1c (OR 1.38, p = 0.005), duration (OR 1.15, p = 0.004), and height (OR 1.03, p = 0.047) as independent predictors of MA. Hashimoto thyroiditis was diagnosed in 9.5%, and significantly associated with MA (17.4% vs. 8.2%, p = 0.01). Celiac antibodies were positive in 5.4%, but only a portion had biopsy-confirmed disease. Microalbuminuria affects nearly 1 in 11 Saudi children with T1DM and is strongly associated with poor glycemic control and longer disease duration, emphasizing the need for integrated endocrine and renal monitoring in pediatric diabetes care.

Key words: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Microalbuminuria, Autoimmunity, Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Celiac Disease, HbA1c, Saudi Arabia, Pediatrics, Nephropathy, Screening.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Shaikh AA, Alshaikh S, Alghamdi A, Almatihmy Y, Alghamdi S, Alsehaibany A, Wagar L, Alharthi M, Alkhuzaei H, Ahmed M, Soliman A. Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. Sudan J Paed. 2025; 25(2): 102-111. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934

Web Style

Shaikh AA, Alshaikh S, Alghamdi A, Almatihmy Y, Alghamdi S, Alsehaibany A, Wagar L, Alharthi M, Alkhuzaei H, Ahmed M, Soliman A. Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. https://sudanjp.com//?mno=295269 [Access: February 05, 2026]. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Shaikh AA, Alshaikh S, Alghamdi A, Almatihmy Y, Alghamdi S, Alsehaibany A, Wagar L, Alharthi M, Alkhuzaei H, Ahmed M, Soliman A. Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. Sudan J Paed. 2025; 25(2): 102-111. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Shaikh AA, Alshaikh S, Alghamdi A, Almatihmy Y, Alghamdi S, Alsehaibany A, Wagar L, Alharthi M, Alkhuzaei H, Ahmed M, Soliman A. Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. Sudan J Paed. (2025), [cited February 05, 2026]; 25(2): 102-111. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934


Harvard Style

Shaikh, A. A., Alshaikh, . S., Alghamdi, . A., Almatihmy, . Y., Alghamdi, . S., Alsehaibany, . A., Wagar, . L., Alharthi, . M., Alkhuzaei, . H., Ahmed, . M. & Soliman, . A. (2025) Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. Sudan J Paed, 25 (2), 102-111. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934


Turabian Style

Shaikh, Adnan Al, Sahl Alshaikh, Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Yahya Almatihmy, Shaimaa Alghamdi, Aljawharah Alsehaibany, Lena Wagar, Mohammed Alharthi, Hisham Alkhuzaei, Mohamed Ahmed, and Ashraf Soliman. 2025. Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics, 25 (2), 102-111. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934


Chicago Style

Shaikh, Adnan Al, Sahl Alshaikh, Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Yahya Almatihmy, Shaimaa Alghamdi, Aljawharah Alsehaibany, Lena Wagar, Mohammed Alharthi, Hisham Alkhuzaei, Mohamed Ahmed, and Ashraf Soliman. "Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study." Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics 25 (2025), 102-111. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Shaikh, Adnan Al, Sahl Alshaikh, Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Yahya Almatihmy, Shaimaa Alghamdi, Aljawharah Alsehaibany, Lena Wagar, Mohammed Alharthi, Hisham Alkhuzaei, Mohamed Ahmed, and Ashraf Soliman. "Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study." Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics 25.2 (2025), 102-111. Print. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Shaikh, A. A., Alshaikh, . S., Alghamdi, . A., Almatihmy, . Y., Alghamdi, . S., Alsehaibany, . A., Wagar, . L., Alharthi, . M., Alkhuzaei, . H., Ahmed, . M. & Soliman, . A. (2025) Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria and autoimmune comorbidities in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics, 25 (2), 102-111. doi:10.24911/SJP.106-1762578934




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